What Is an Oriel Window in Architecture

An oriel window is a set of windows, arranged together in a bay, that protrudes from the face of a building on an upper floor and is braced underneath by a bracket or corbel. Most people call them bay windows when located on the first floor and oriel windows only if they are on an upper floor. Functionally, oriel windows not only increase the light and air entering a room, but also expand the floor space without changing the buildings foundation dimensions. Aesthetically, oriel windows became a landmark detail for Victorian-era architecture, although they are present in structures earlier than the 19th century. Origin of the Oriel: This type of bay window probably originated during the Middle Ages, in both Europe and the Middle East. The oriel window may have developed from a form of porch—oriolum is the Medieval Latin word for porch or gallery. In Islamic architecture, the mashrabiya (also called moucharabieh and musharabie) is considered a type of oriel window. Known for its ornamented lattice screen, the  mashrabiya traditionally was a protruding box-like architectural detail that functioned as a way to keep drinking water cool and interior spaces well-ventilated in a hot Arabian climate. The mashrabiya continues to be a common feature of modern Arab architecture. In Western architecture these protruding windows most certainly attempted to catch the movement of the sun, especially during winter months when daylight is limited. In Medieval times, capturing light and bringing fresh air into interior spaces was thought to benefit health, both physically and mentally. Bay windows also expand the interior living space without changing the footprint of a building—a centuries-old trick when property taxes are calculated on a foundations width and length. Oriel windows are not dormers, because the protrusion does not break the line of the roof. However, some architects such as Paul Williams (1894-1980) have used both oriel and dormer windows on one house to create an interesting and complementary effect (view image). Oriel Windows in American Architectural Periods: The reign of British Queen Victoria, between 1837 and 1901, was a long era of growth and expansion in both Great Britain and the United States. Many architectural styles are associated with this time period, and particular styles of American Victorian architecture are characterized by having protruding window sets, including oriel windows. Buildings in the Gothic Revival and Tudor styles often have oriel windows. Eastlake Victorian, Chateauesque, and Queen Anne styles may combine oriel-like windows with turrets, which are characteristic of those styles. Many urban brownstone facades in the Richardsonian Romanesque style have oriel windows. In American skyscraper history, the Chicago School architects are known to have experimented with oriel designs in the 19th century. Most notably, John Wellborn Roots spiral staircase for the 1888 Rookery Building in Chicago is known as the oriel staircase. Roots design is actually a fire escape required by the city after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Root enclosed the stairs in what architecturally appeared to be a very long oriel window attached to the rear of the building. Like a typical oriel window, the staircase did not reach the ground floor, but ended on the second floor, now part of the elaborate lobby design by Frank Lloyd Wright. Other architects in 19th century America used oriel-like architecture to increase interior floor space and optimize natural light and ventilation in the tall building, a new form of architecture that would become known as the skyscraper. For example, the architecture team of Holabird Roche designed the 1894 Old Colony Building, an early Chicago School tall building, with all four corners protruding. The oriel towers start on the third floor and hang over the lot line or footprint of the building. The architects had cleverly found a way to use airspace to increase square footage beyond the property line. Summary of Characteristics: Oriel windows have no strict or definitive definitions, so know how your locality defines this architectural construction, especially when you live in a historic district. The most obvious identifying characteristics are these: (1)   As a bay-type window, the oriel window projects from the wall on an upper floor and does not extend to the ground; (2) In Medieval times, the bay was supported by brackets or corbels underneath the protruding structure—often these brackets were highly ornate, symbolic, and even sculptural. Todays oriel windows may be engineered differently, yet the bracket remains—traditional, but more ornamental than structural. One could even argue that the oriel window is forerunner to Frank Lloyd Wrights cantilever construction.

Article Analysis Cell Phone Use While Walking Across Campus

Article analysis of Cell Phone Use While Walking Across Campus: An Observation and Survey. An analysis by Morgan Penrose. This essay will identify and summarise the article Cell Phone Use While Walking Across Campus: An Observation and Survey written by Tessa Jones and published by Elon Journal in 2014. It will also discuss the depth of the article by looking at key elements of the essay such as statistics, references, as well as whether or not the essay provides an in-depth analysis of the subject which has been observed. In the article, Jones (2014) aimed â€Å"to address questions related to cell phone addiction and analyse its consequent psychological effects.†(Jones, 2014). This is achieved by performing a study based on Generation Y (People born from around early 1980’s to around 2000). One point made within the article is that people have become addicted to mobile phones. To view this point, Jones looks to find previous researches done within the same field, presenting articles by trusted sources such as The Department of Internal Medicine. To make sure the reader has a clear definition of, Jones defines this via researching an article that states â€Å"he found that â€Å"whenever a habit changes into an obligation, it can be considered as an addiction.†Ã¢â‚¬ (Jones, 2014). Using this, Jones makes sure the reader has a clear understanding of the point they are presenting. After this definition of the keyword, the article further expands on the keyword in relation to the topic ofShow MoreRelatedTextual Analysis : Flight From Conversation1503 Words   |  7 PagesTextual Analysis: The Flight from Conversation Technology has been developing dramatically since our turn into the new era. It is undeniable to say that technology makes our lives much easier. For instance, the invention of the cell phone makes the connection between people easier. 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Mental Health Recovery Clinical

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Recovery for Clinical. Answer: Introduction Mental health recovery is either personal, clinical, or both, this is when we can conclude that an individual is fully recovered. In most cases, the mandatory and conventional treatment that works to achieve clinical recovery does not advance personal recovery. Having this in mind, the essay will use the experience of OHagan to help us comprehend and distinguish the concepts of personal and clinical recovery in the mental health and the recovery principles. Differences Between Clinical and Personal Recovery According to Mary O Hagan, clinical recovery refers to the point where an individual does not exhibit the signs and symptoms of mental illness. In most cases, when the patient regains his or her social functioning Normalcy, the healthcare provider considers this as clinical recovery. However, from the individuals who have gone through a mental illness, personal recovery entails living a life that is fulfilling and enjoyable. Mary O Hagan explains that personal recovery is a unique and personal process of transforming the negativities associated with the condition. The first step to personal recovery is by changing ones values, attitude, skills, goals, and feelings (Thoits, 2013). In other words, personal recovery is a way of living hopeful and satisfying life and at the same time contributing to life positively regardless of the challenges caused by mental illness. Therefore, personal recovery is the development of new meaning to life after the effects mental illness whereas clinical recovery is the social functioning of the patient after undergoing treatment (Shepherd, Boardman, Rinaldi Roberts, 2014). In most cases, mental health institutions are focused on clinical recovery despite the fact that, mental recovery goes beyond clinical recovery. In the book Madness Made Me by Mary O Hagan, the author challenges and critiques the outdated forms of mental treatment that force the ability to be fruitful out of mentally ill patients (OHagan, 2015). Most mental facilities do not have recovery strategies put in place to help mentally challenged patients but instead, they are organized in such a way to keep the patient safe and minimize crisis but the aim is to reduce the burden to the society. According to Mary, this does not offer the patient full recovery. Further, the author narrates her experience in the hospital where she was forced to stay in the ward. She describes how the other patients were mistreated and treated less of human beings when receiving treatment. In this case, from her experience, it is evident that clinical recovery focuses more on the physical wellbeing of the pati ents and not on the emotional wellbeing, which leaves the patients exposed to despondency. According to the healthcare providers, clinical recovery is the state whereby the patient is considered normal. However, according to O Hagan, even after she was declined clinically recovered, she felt destroyed by the mental illness (OHagan, 2014). Rather than the health care providers giving her the hope she needed to living a happy life, it took the intervention of her friends who instilled the hope she needed to live a normal life. In this case, through her book, Mary recommends ways to value oneself in order to gain complete recovery from the illness. For instance, she encourages the use of peer support as a useful strategy for patients to achieve complete recovery other than the outdated mental recovery options that fail to observe the patients personal recovery. Therefore, in order for the patients to achieve full recovery, mental health facilities should integrate clinical recovery and personal recovery. In this case, heath care providers should help patients achieve personal recovery (Bird, Leamy, Tew Slade, 2014). Further, clinical recovery is the elimination of symptom causing the illness or rather; it is the final stage of healing. This is different from personal recovery, which is the process of overcoming the internal distress caused by the disease. According to Mary, clinical recovery is restoring the original state of the patient, which is determined by assessing the presence of symptoms causes the illness. However, when it comes to personal recovery, it is about the individual and not the health care providers. It can be described by an individuals desire to give meaning to their life. In the book Madness Made Me by Mary O Hagan, the author reveals an individuals state of madness. She explains the frightening disconnect between personal recovery and clinical recovery services. Through this story, the author reveals that, in order to achieve clinical recovery, one has to physically struggle with the healthcare providers which at times instills pain to the patients whereas, personal recov ery is a slow process that brings out the positivity inside out after the trauma caused during the clinical recovery process. Finally, the health care providers have the responsibility to ensure patients achieve clinical recovery. On the contrary, personal recovery is a personal choice. In this case, individuals make the decision on what they want with their life in order to realize their full potential. In addition, personal recovery refers to the process whereby an individual decides to use their abilities in order to live a worthy life, this means that health care providers cannot offer personal recovery to individuals. Therefore, other than the clinical recovery individuals receive, they still have the obligation to make the decision to influence their life positively in order to achieve complete recovery (Carr, 2015). The Recovery Principles Recovery principles are conventions that help a man experiencing mental illness to discover their way to carrying on with a noteworthy life. They place one responsible for their life and help them pick up self-respect and in addition gain self-assurance. In the stories of Janet, the clinical recuperation introduction connected with her did not react to her own needs and they took away her opportunity and dreams from her (Carr, 2015). In any case, the different recuperations based administrations that maintain the standards of full recuperation, as examined underneath, saw her through her mental emergency, not at all like the clinical mental administrations that did her more damage than good. Differences Between Clinical Recovery and Recovery Principles The first principle rule is patient- centered whereby the patient decides their recuperation way depending on their qualities, encounters, needs, social foundations, and inclinations. In clinical recovery, healthcare providers decide on the treatment plan to oversee to the patients paying little heed to the negative impacts it might have on the health of the patient. In Janet's story, she was placed in a group treatment program with compulsory three weeks after week infusions that only centered on clinical recovery. In spite of the fact that the medications actually slowing her down, her specialist declined to decrease her medication even after she revealed to him how bad they made her feel. In addition, empowerment is another principle whereby patients can take an interest in settling on choices that influence their life. In most cases, healthcare professionals settle on choices influencing the patient without consulting with the individual and their relatives, yet, these people can transform these choices into actions. Janet chose to join artisanship sessions and creative writing groups that made her feel complete once more. Additionally, recovery ought to be all encompassing in nature in that; it should entail an individuals body, mind, soul, family, companions, and the community. This is conversely with a clinical recovery that exclusively concentrates on reducing the side effects and curing a patient for emotional instability. In Janets story, she experienced changes in her recovery whereby she could wake up amidst the night feeling exceptionally neurotic and even self-destructive. At times, the voices in her mind truly got to her and such days were horrendous (Frame, 2013), this is because the treatment she received never encompassed personal recovery. Besides, recovery principles depend on the individual quality and one's capacity to skip over from difficulties. They require a man to esteem him or herself and expand on their qualities rather than completely relying upon the clinical recovery forms. In spite of the fact that Janet still hears voices, she has figured out how to adapt to the situation. In addition, shared support from other individuals advances recuperation. One ought to join peer assemblies that help an individual discover a meaning in life (Bird, Leamy, Tew Slade, 2014). For instance, Janet conversed with her companion supporter and other clinical specialists and she felt diminished imparting to individuals who comprehended her. She moved into a companion run emergency home where she felt welcome and safe (Frame, 2013). Moreover, recovery principles direct that one get the chance to consider themselves, an idea that is remotely maintained in clinical recovery. The individual trusts that they can meet their objectives and they take pride in their achievements. Such recovery shows that one is capable and they have the fearlessness to seek their potential. Distinct from clinical recovery, it gives you trust that you can conquer your emergency. For instance, Janet took a photography course, which made her trust that she could completely recoup and have a decent and typical life. She figured out how to keep up her wellbeing, and not be embarrassed about herself and to remake her life. Moreover, Janet got the certainty to go out for gatherings and search for a vacation in summer (Park, Rouleau, and Valente, 2014). In conclusion, personal and clinical recovery are diverse in that the latter goes for curing and dispensing with manifestations of mental issues while the former goes for defeating the ailment and living to one's maximum capacity. A redefinition of the idea of the recovery incorporates both personal and clinical recovery and defines recovery as having a decent existence with or without an emotional sickness. It plots the importance of hope, individual and social obligation in achieving a good health. Therefore, individuals with mental sicknesses should be actively engaged in activities that improve their wellbeing in order to realize full recovery. References Bird, V., Leamy, M., Tew, J., Slade, M. (2014). Fit for purpose? Validation of a conceptual framework for personal recovery with current mental health consumers.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 0004867413520046. Carr, S. (2015). Madness made me: a memoir. Drake, R. E., Whitley, R. (2014). Recovery and severe mental illness: description and analysis.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,59(5), 236-242. Frame, J. (2013). The Lagoon and Other Stories. 1951.London: Bloomsbury. Hamilton, B. E. (2015). Madness made me: A memoir, by Mary OHagan. OHagan, M. (2014). Guest Editorial: Recovery in New Zealand: Lessons for Australia?Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health,3(1), 5-7. O'Hagan, M. (2015).Madness made me. Potton Burton. Park, M. M., Rouleau, S., Valente, T. W. (2014). Transforming mental health services: a participatory mixed methods study to promote and evaluate the implementation of recovery-oriented services.Implementation science,9(1), 119. Schrank, B., Brownell, T., Tylee, A., Slade, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An approach to supporting recovery in mental illness.East Asian Archives of Psychiatry,24(3), 95. Shepherd, G., Boardman, J., Rinaldi, M., Roberts, G. (2014). Supporting recovery in mental health services: Quality and outcomes.Centre for Mental Health and Mental Health Network, NHS Confederation,34. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), 12-20. Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. InHandbook of the sociology of mental health(pp. 357-377). Springer Netherlands.